Gemini has convincing arguments for the misscount being of the order of 100 million, not 1 billion.

Reasons for growth with 1 child policy are that life expectancy moved from 44 to 77 years, so while fewer kids were born, many fewer olds died.

Caloric consumption and other economic and industrial factors can't be explained with less than a billion people.

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I asked Grok to estimate the population based on first principles and it also came up with 1.3 billion https://grok.com/share/bGVnYWN5LWNvcHk_af6c7f9a-2b94-4234-820d-a7ad721a3acc

reasoned from the conclusion obviously

mmm interesting

Life expectancy is not reliable.

It's very one sided due to millions and millions of death in wars.

Didn't they also conqueror a country or two during that time?