“Tariffs would only affect imported wine. I’ll just buy American.”

WRONG!

American wine depends on global parts:

Cork → Portugal

Barrels → France

Machinery → Italy

Bottles → China

You can’t untangle a system like that overnight.🧵

Cork comes from cork oak trees.

Over 80% of it is harvested in Portugal and Spain.

There are no commercial cork forests in the U.S.

Even if you planted one tomorrow, you’d be waiting 25+ years before it could be harvested.

Barrels are a winemaker’s spice rack.

French oak: tight grain, adds structure and spice

American oak: broader grain, gives sweetness and coconut

Hungarian oak: earthier, more restrained

You can’t just swap one for another—

and even if you wanted to, the trees they’re made from take 80–120 years to grow.

Most winemaking equipment comes from Europe—especially Italy.

Presses, bottling lines, destemmers—tools perfected over generations of winemakers.

You could build more factories here.

But the highest-quality tools will still be made abroad.

By 2018, China was producing around 75% of the bottles used in American wine.

Glass is heavy, energy-intensive, and slow to scale.

China had the capacity. The U.S. relied on it.

Then 25% tariffs hit.

Chinese bottle imports dropped 55% in a year.

The U.S. never recovered full capacity.

Most bottles now come from O-I and Ardagh, but lead times are long and prices are up.

Tariffs are set to rise again in 2025.

Capacity is still being built out—seven years after the first shock.

You can grow the grapes here.

You can ferment them here.

But if you want to bottle that wine,

you’ll need cork from Portugal,

glass from China,

and barrels from trees planted in another century.

That’s the global backbone of American wine.

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