What are your favorite examples of antagonists that change and grow throughout a story but generally remain antagonists?

Eg they are not “protagonist villains” like Walter White, and they are not “redeemed villains” because at least in some ways, they fail to redeem or their growth arc, while present, is stunted.

Usually an antagonist is static, while a protagonist grows to defeat them. But in some fiction, the antagonist grows and changes and yet still is an antagonist.

Jamie Lannister is an interesting example. He starts off by callously pushing a child out a window. And he goes to war against the protagonists of House Stark.

But then he gets humbled, has his perspective changed, fixes some of his weaknesses and leans more on his strengths, becomes likeable by the audience, finds himself pairing up with the protagonists more, etc. So he goes through a growth arc.

But then at the end, he still chooses his original side. More mature, but still ultimately bound by his same weaknesses. An interesting arc to watch, and one that probably would have been more interesting if the last season wasn’t rushed and bad.

Any other good examples? Maybe ones that remain more villainous than Jaime?

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Two-Face has had a hero to villain, to hero, to villain arc. Unfortunately it has been too long for me to remember when that was.

Dementus (Chris Hemsworth) in Furiosa. Definitely the antagonist the whole way through. Idk if you’d categorize it as growth, but there is a scene towards the end of the movie that reveals choices / aspects of his character and his motivations that were surprising and made him much more interesting. Not sure if there was growth or if it’s just something about him we the audience were learning for the first time. I lean towards growth, bc he was facing a scenario he had never faced before.

Gollum/SmĂŠagol

Agent Smith

I am not sure what this is what you are looking for but when I was young I enjoyed This trilogy. Where the protagonist is kind of bad but it has been some years

Top of my head..

Lago

Trash can man.

Harry August

Oscar the Grouch. Always learning important life lessons. Still always the grouch.

In terms of complex character I always loved Joe Abercrombie

I wish more stories did redemption arch's that fail. I hoped that Kilo Ren would have been one of those but then JJ came back and made a turd.

Marlo Stanfield from The Wire comes to mind. He grew to understand the business and politics of the co-op but ultimately abandoned it for his addiction to the street life. He had every opportunity to reject that life but his morals never changed even if other aspects of his life did.

The emperor in Gladiator. He gets more and more consumed by power and glory as the movie goes on.

Dr. Who's "Master" is an excellent, though cartoonish, villain. He consistently, though recently gained a significant amount of depth, is the foil, and the depths of his evil are seemingly boundless. A truly dark triad character.

T bag in prison break

Just finished The Stand by King. Harold Lauder is a good example of this.

Dedra from Andor is pretty compelling

Hannibal Lecter

J E Hoover as written by James Ellroy. It's hard to find a character in a James Ellroy novel that does not fit this profile. His J Edgar Hoover, though, was wild.

Not exactly what you asked, but Ice King from adventure time has an amazing character arc from starting as a villain. B character who ends up having the best story in the show by the end of the spin off.

Bernard from “brave new world.” He’s his own downfall.

Al Swerengen in HBOs Deadwood.

Maybe "Heizenberg" in Bresking Bad (he kinda fits? Maybe more Antihero?

Spike

hmm so are ‘villains’ in stories villains because they persist in their weaknesses?

Darth Vader. Also, could be argued that Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca could be protagonist or antagonist.

I suppose, it's Lord Palmerston from ITVs Victoria series, being hugely controversial with Queen thoughts and deeds, but then arriving at some point to look in the same direction. And nevertheless to remain on the same grounds.

Louis (Metaphor: ReFantazio)

+1 for Al Swerengen in HBOs Deadwood. One of all-time favorite television series, for precisely this reason

Gollum is a brilliant example of a tragic antagonist. He evolves constantly torn between his darker side (Gollum) and what’s left of his former self (Sméagol). He shows glimpses of loyalty and vulnerability, especially with Frodo, but his obsession with the Ring always pulls him back. In the end, he doesn’t redeem himself consciously he fails to change, and yet ironically, his failure is what saves the world. 💜

Maybe the Hound, in the same series.

He is an antagonist at the beginning, "working for" the Lannister family. But after, he becomes an absolutely outsider, independant from the Lannister's, and still in love with Sansa.

By the years, he knows Arya (Sansa's antagonist, if you think about it), fighting with & for her, and he changes his mindset.

At the end, Sandor knows someone to fight for, and cares for Arya's future, saving her life before his death.He's a different person.

The most enjoyable duo i've ever seen, what a trip for both characters.

I love them.

Russell Crowe as Ben Wade in 3:10 to Yuma

Hans Grueber…. Not quite who you thought he was at the start of the film